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Mongol invasions of Anatolia occurred at various times, starting with the campaign of 1241–1243 that culminated in the Battle of Köse Dağ. Real power over Anatolia was exercised by the Mongols after the Seljuks surrendered in 1243 until the fall of the Ilkhanate in 1335.〔Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach ''Medieval Islamic Civilization: A-K, index'', p.442〕 Because the Seljuk Sultan rebelled several times, in 1255, the Mongols swept through central and eastern Anatolia. The Ilkhanate garrison was stationed near Ankara.〔H. M. Balyuzi ''Muḥammad and the course of Islám'', p.342〕〔John Freely ''Storm on Horseback: The Seljuk Warriors of Turkey'', p.83〕 Timur's invasion is sometimes considered the last invasion of Anatolia by the Mongols. Remains of the Mongol cultural heritage still can be seen in Turkey, including tombs of a Mongol governor and a son of Hulagu. By the end of the 14th century, most of Anatolia was controlled by various Anatolian beyliks due to the collapse of the Seljuk dynasty in Rum. The Turkmen Beyliks were under the control of the Mongols through declining Seljuk Sultans.〔Mehmet Fuat Köprülü, Gary Leiser ''The origins of the Ottoman empire'', p.33〕〔Peter Partner ''God of battles: holy wars of Christianity and Islam'', p.122〕 The Beyliks did not mint coins in the names of their own leaders while they remained under the suzerainty of the Ilkhanids.〔''Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire'', p.13〕 The Osmanli ruler Osman I was the first Turkish ruler who minted coins in his own name in the 1320s, for it bears the legend "Minted by Osman son of Ertugul".〔Artuk-Osmanli Beyliginin Kurucusu, 27f〕 Since the minting of coins was a prerogative accorded in Islamic practice only to be a sovereign, it can be considered that Osmanli became independent of the Mongol Khans.〔Pamuk ''A Monetary history'', p.30-31〕 == Early relations == In the 12th century, the Byzantines managed to reassert their control in Western and Northern Anatolia. After the sack of Constantinople in 1204 by Latin Crusaders, two Byzantine successor states were established: the Empire of Nicaea, and the Despotate of Epirus. A third one, the Empire of Trebizond was created a few weeks before the sack of Constantinople by Alexios I of Trebizond. Of these three successor states, Trebizond and Nicaea stood near the Mongolian Empire. Control of Anatolia was then split between the Greek States and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, with the Byzantine holdings gradually being reduced. During the Military governor Chormaqan's tenure in Persia, no hostilities occurred with the Seljuk Turks. 'Ala al-Din Kayqubad I and his immediate successor Giyath al-Din Kaykhusraw II swore an oath of vassalage with the payment of at least token tribute in the name of Ögedei Qaghan.〔D. S. Benson ''The Mongol campaigns in Asia'', p.177〕〔C. P. Atwood, ''Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire'', p. 555〕 However, the Mongols raided part of Greater Armenia which was under the Sultanate of Rum in 1238. After the death of Ögedei in 1241, Kaykhusraw took the opportunity to terminate the tributary status of his realm, believing he was strong enough to resist the Mongol Empire. Chormaqan's successor Baiju summoned him to resubmit Asia Minor to its tributary status. The Sultan rejected his demands to make him go to Mongolia in person, give hostages, and accept a Mongol darughachi. When the Sultan refused, Baiju declared war. The Seljuks invaded the Kingdom of Georgia, part of the Mongol Empire. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mongol invasions of Anatolia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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